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Production Introduction
1. Molybdenum bar is a metal bar made of molybdenum powder, which has a high melting point, good thermal conductivity, and low thermal expansion performance.
2. Basic Information
Pure molybdenum bar: the content of molybdenum is greater than 99.95%.
Surface: Bright surface, Black surface, alkaline washing surface
Molybdenum melting point: 2610 degrees Celsius.
Molybdenum, a chemical symbol Mo, atomic number 42, atomic volume 9.4cm3/mol, is a transition metal element, a trace element necessary for the human body, animals, and plants. The simple substance of molybdenum is a silver-white metal, hard and tough. Different tissues of the human body include molybdenum, and the total quantity in the human body is about 9mg, with the highest content in the liver and kidney.
Molybdenum has a high melting point and ranks sixth among natural simple substances, and is called a refractory metal. The density of molybdenum is 10.23g/cm3
Molybdenum bar ASTM B387 Type 361 is a commercially pure grade with 99.9% molybdenum. It contains trace components such as aluminum, silicon, potassium, iron, nickel, chromium, sodium, copper, and tungsten, which can strengthen metals.
Core Standard: The 6 Key Grades under ASTM B387
According to the latest ASTM B387 standard, molybdenum rods are primarily classified into the following six core grades:
| Grade | Material Type | Manufacturing Process | Key Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Molybdenum 360 | Pure Molybdenum | Vacuum Arc Casting | High purity, uniform structure. |
| Molybdenum 361 | Pure Molybdenum | Powder Metallurgy | The most common pure Mo rod, fine grain size. |
| Molybdenum Alloy 363 | TZM Alloy (Mo-0.5Ti-0.1Zr) | Vacuum Arc Casting | Significantly higher strength and heat resistance than pure Mo. Aerospace grade. |
| Molybdenum Alloy 364 | TZM Alloy (Mo-0.5Ti-0.1Zr) | Powder Metallurgy | Performance similar to Grade 363, but with a different manufacturing process. |
| Molybdenum 365 | Pure Molybdenum (Low Carbon) | Vacuum Arc Casting | Lower carbon content, potentially better ductility or weldability. |
| Molybdenum Alloy 366 | Molybdenum-Tungsten Alloy (Mo-30W) | Vacuum Arc Casting | Solid solution strengthened, excellent high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance. |
The molybdenum bar is resistant to oxidation and has high strength at high temperatures. Molybdenum rods can be used to manufacture electric vacuum devices and electric light source parts, as well as high-temperature heating elements, high-temperature structural parts, electrodes, etc.
Supplementary Grades: Common Alloys in Market Applications
Besides the core grades defined in the standard, several common molybdenum alloy rods are available in the market, typically claimed to conform to the ASTM B387 standard.
High-Temperature Molybdenum Rods (Mo-La / Molybdenum-Lanthanum Alloy): Made by adding lanthanum oxide (e.g., Mo-0.62%La) to pure molybdenum. This significantly increases the recrystallization temperature and high-temperature creep resistance. It is an ideal choice for hot zone components in high-temperature furnaces, such as heating elements and heat shield supports.
Molybdenum-Tungsten Alloys: Besides the standard Mo-30W, grades like Mo-20W also exist. Adding tungsten greatly enhances the material's hardness and resistance to corrosion by liquid metals (e.g., zinc, aluminum). It is commonly used in the metallurgical industry for high-temperature stirrers, piping, etc.
Detail Shows
3. How to select and apply molybdenum rods?
Understanding these grades allows for selection based on specific application scenarios:
For general high-temperature environments (e.g., standard heating elements, glass melting electrodes), Molybdenum 361 (Powder Metallurgy Pure Molybdenum) is the most widely used choice due to its good performance and cost-effectiveness.
When the application requires withstanding extreme high temperatures and high stress (e.g., aerospace nozzles, die-casting molds), TZM Alloy (Molybdenum Alloy 363/364) is the undisputed preferred material.
For long-term service above 1700°C or applications with extremely high demands for creep resistance (e.g., hot zones for sapphire growth furnaces), Mo-La (Molybdenum-Lanthanum Alloy) should be considered.
In environments requiring resistance to corrosion by molten metals (e.g., the zinc smelting industry), Molybdenum-Tungsten Alloy (Molybdenum Alloy 366) offers a longer service life
Molybdenum bar applications
Molybdenum bar is mainly used for manufacturing electric vacuum devices and electric light source parts, processing ion-implanted parts, as the high-temperature heating elements and high-temperature structural parts, furnace electrode in glass and refractory fiber industry works in 1300 ℃ molten glass with long service life. It is used as an electrode in rare earth.
Pure molybdenum rods are used as anode materials in low-pressure X-ray applications. Sometimes, molybdenum is used instead of tungsten. Different levels have different compositions and different use cases. The molybdenum purity of ASME sa387 molybdenum rod exceeds 99.95%. The high melting point of this material is only surpassed by tungsten and titanium, making it one of the commercial products for high-temperature operation.
4. Molybdenum bar production process
Step 1. Put molybdenum powder with a particle size of 1.6-2.5μm and a purity of ≥99.98% into a rubber mold sleeve to prepare a solid powdery molybdenum rod blank, and then use a cold isostatic press to shape it at a pressure of 300Mpa for 10 minutes Solid rod forming;
Step 2: Put the formed solid rod blank into an intermediate frequency sintering furnace, and hydrogen gas is introduced into the furnace, and the heating temperature is 1800°C.
The heating time is 27 hours, and then the temperature is cooled by water circulation for 9 hours, and then it is naturally placed to cool to room temperature, and the rod blank is formed for use;
Step 3. Heat the formed bar after step 2 to 1500°C for 1 hour. After taking it out, tap it with a 700 kg air hammer 15 times, then stretch it to the required size, and then place the molybdenum bar. Tempering in an electric furnace for half an hour, the tempering temperature is 450 ℃, standby;
Step 4. The molybdenum rod processed in step 3 is processed by mechanical processing so that the surface roughness reaches Ra1.6~Ra3.2µm, and the molybdenum bar is completed.
FAQ
Q1: Will molybdenum rods rust or oxidize?
A: Strictly speaking, molybdenum does not "rust" like iron (forming loose iron oxide), but it is prone to oxidation in high-temperature air. In air above 400°C, molybdenum begins to react with oxygen to form volatile molybdenum oxide, leading to material loss. Therefore, use in high-temperature air environments usually requires vacuum or inert gas protection. If slight oxides are found on the surface, they can be wiped with a cleaning agent containing abrasives; heavy oxides require acid treatment.
Q2: What is the difference between pure molybdenum rods and TZM molybdenum rods? How should I choose?
A: The main difference lies in strength and temperature resistance.
Pure molybdenum rods: Suitable for most conventional high-temperature applications, such as general heating elements and electric light source parts, offering high cost-effectiveness.
TZM molybdenum rods: Suitable for extreme high-temperature and high-load environments. For example, in applications requiring stress above 1200°C (such as die-casting molds and aerospace components), TZM's strength and creep resistance far exceed those of pure molybdenum. If the operating temperature is high and there is mechanical stress, choose TZM; if it is just a normal high-temperature environment, pure molybdenum is sufficient.
Q3: What factors affect the service life of molybdenum rods?
A: The main culprits are:
Temperature: Prolonged exposure to or above the melting point will cause softening and melting.
Oxidation: High-temperature oxidation without protection is the number one factor shortening lifespan.
Stress and Load: Excessive mechanical stress can lead to fracture.
Environmental Corrosion: Strong acids, strong alkalis, or high humidity environments will corrode molybdenum rods.
Processing Quality: Internal cracks or impurities will significantly reduce durability.
Q4: What precautions should be taken when using and storing molybdenum rods?
A: Please pay attention to the following "three protections":
Moisture Prevention: Store in a dry environment; prolonged contact with moisture will cause corrosion.
Impact Prevention: Molybdenum is brittle at low temperatures (the ductile-brittle transition temperature is low), and mechanical impact can easily lead to fracture.
Contamination Prevention: Avoid contact with strong acids and alkalis. When the surface is dirty, wipe gently with a soft cloth; do not scrape with rough materials.
Q5: Are silicon molybdenum rods and pure molybdenum rods the same thing?
A: No, they are not the same thing. Although they both have "molybdenum" in their names, they are very different:
Pure molybdenum rods: The main component is metallic molybdenum.
Silicon molybdenum rods (MoSi₂): The main component is molybdenum disilicates, a ceramic/intermetallic compound. They are typically used as high-temperature heating elements, utilizing the principle of forming a dense quartz protective film at high temperatures to resist corrosion. However, silicon molybdenum rods will "powder" and be damaged if used for extended periods in the low-temperature range of 400-700℃ because an effective protective film cannot be formed. Therefore, they must be quickly passed through this temperature range during use.
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